Hepatitis B : Risk factors, Causes and Symptoms || Liver infection
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What is hepatitis B?
Hepatitis B is a liver infection caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). HBV is one of five types of viral hepatitis. The others are hepatitis A, C, D, and E. Each is a different type of virus, and types B and C are most likely to become chronic
HBV infection can be acute or chronic.
Acute hepatitis B causes symptoms to appear quickly in adults. Infants infected at birth rarely develop only acute hepatitis B. Nearly all hepatitis B infections in infants go on to become chronic.
Chronic hepatitis B develops slowly. Symptoms may not be noticeable unless complications develop.
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Is hepatitis B contagious?
Hepatitis B is highly contagious. It spreads through contact with infected blood and certain other bodily fluids. Although the virus can be found in saliva, itโs not spread through sharing utensils or kissing. It also doesnโt spread through sneezing, coughing, or breastfeeding. Symptoms of hepatitis B may not appear for 3 months after exposure and can last for 2โ12 weeks. However, you are still contagious, even without symptoms. The virus can live outside the body for up to seven days.
Possible methods of transmission include:
direct contact with infected blood
transfer from mother to baby during birth
being pricked with a contaminated needle
intimate contact with a person with HBV
oral, vaginal, and anal sex
using a razor or any other personal item with remnants of infected fluid
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Who is at risk for hepatitis B?
Certain groups are at particularly high risk of HBV infection. These include:
healthcare workers
men who have sex with other men
people who use IV drugs
people with multiple sex partners
people with chronic liver disease
people with kidney disease
people over the age of 60 with diabetes
those traveling to countries with a high incidence of HBV infection
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How is hepatitis B diagnosed?
Doctors can usually diagnose hepatitis B with blood tests. Screening for hepatitis B may be recommended for individuals who:
have come in contact with someone with hepatitis B
have traveled to a country where hepatitis B is common
have been in jail
use IV drugs
receive kidney dialysis
are pregnant
are men who have sex with men
have HIV
To screen for hepatitis B, your doctor will perform a series of blood tests.
Hepatitis B surface antigen test:
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A hepatitis B surface antigen test shows if youโre contagious. A positive result means you have hepatitis B and can spread the virus. A negative result means you donโt currently have hepatitis B. This test doesnโt distinguish between chronic and acute infection. This test is used together with other hepatitis B tests to determine the state of a hepatitis B infection
Hepatitis B core antigen test:
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The hepatitis B core antigen test shows whether youโre currently infected with HBV. Positive results usually mean you have acute or chronic hepatitis B. It may also mean youโre recovering from acute hepatitis B.
Hepatitis B surface antibody test
A hepatitis B surface antibody test is used to check for immunity to HBV. A positive test means you are immune to hepatitis B. There are two possible reasons for a positive test. You may have been vaccinated, or you may have recovered from an acute HBV infection and are no longer contagious.
Liver function tests
Liver function tests are important in individuals with hepatitis B or any liver disease. Liver function tests check your blood for the amount of enzymes made by your liver. High levels of liver enzymes indicate a damaged or inflamed liver. These results can also help determine which part of your liver may be functioning abnormally.
If these tests are positive, you might require testing for hepatitis B, C, or other liver infections. Hepatitis B and C viruses are a major cause of liver damage throughout the world. You will likely also require an ultrasound of the liver or other imaging tests.
What are the treatments for hepatitis B?
Hepatitis B vaccination and immune globulin
Talk to your doctor immediately if you think you have been exposed to hepatitis B within the last 24 hours. If you have not been vaccinated, it may be possible to prevent infection by receiving the hepatitis B vaccine and an injection of HBV immune globulin. This is a solution of antibodies that work against HBV.
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It is important to note that in the vast majority of the patients living with chronic hepatitis B they might be asymptomatic and the virus may be multiplying in them. In some others the infection may show up in the form of acute hepatitis. The symptoms are the feeling of being sick or malaise, pain or tenderness in the upper abdomen, decreased appetite, nausea, vomiting and jaundice which is the yellowish discolouration of the eyes and other parts of the skin. It is important to note that many individuals without any symptoms have the damage caused by the virus multiplying in their bodies and over a course of many years they might experience some complication like cirrhosis of the liver. This is the scarring of the liver which changes the way in which liver looks and function and often leading to liver failure and lastly the possibility of liver cancer. So get yourself tested for hepatitis B regardless of whether you are having symptoms or not and if you do not have infection get yourself and your family members vaccinated. Most people if they successfully suppress the virus they can experience a state wherein the hepatitis B infection is very successfully managed and many times it may be possible to avoid the deleterious uncontrolled or untreated hepatitis infection. Theoretically it is difficult to eradicate from our body because of the way it infect our liver cells but practically with the medications that are available today and with the care of a physician who has expertise in managing hepatitis B it is possible to very effectively manage hepatitis infection.
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