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Cait and Kaylee review the function of fevers, when to worry, and how to manage fevers in kids.
References/ Further Reading:
https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/fever/Pages/default.aspx
https://www.uptodate.com/contents/fever-in-infants-and-children-pathophysiology-and-management?search=fever&source=search_result&selectedTitle=2~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=2
The topic of which specific mechanism fevers act by is one of grand discussion which has also been fuelled by many myths and non-scientifically based assertions. This video provides an overview of the most prominent theories of the existence and action of fevers in immunological response. it discusses the processes that the human body undergoes while in a state of fever.
This video was made by Health Science 4DM3 students: Yu Fei
Xia, Zil E-Huma Nasir, Ivelina Velikova and Mohammed Abdul-Khaliq
Copyright McMaster University 2017
References:
Canadian Pharmacists Association – English [Internet]. [cited 2017
Nov 6]. Available from: https://www.pharmacists.ca/
Ontario G of. The flu [Internet]. Ontario.ca. 2014 [cited 2017 Nov
6]. Available from: https://www.ontario.ca/page/flu-facts
Kid Care for Fevers: Myths, Misconceptions and the Facts | St. Louis
Children’s Hospital [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2017 Nov 6]. Available
from: http://www.stlouischildrens.org/articles/kidcare/fever-myths-versus-facts
Cavaillon J-M. Good and bad fever. Critical Care. 2012;16(2):119.
Walter EJ, Hanna-Jumma S, Carraretto M, Forni L. The
pathophysiological basis and consequences of fever. Critical Care.
2016;20(1).
Evans SS, Repasky EA, Fisher DT. Fever and the thermal regulation of
immunity: the immune system feels the heat. Nature Reviews Immunology.
2015 Jun 1;15(6):335-49.
Young P, Saxena M, Bellomo R, Freebairn R, Hammond N, Haren FV, et
al. Acetaminophen for Fever in Critically Ill Patients with Suspected
Infection. New England Journal of Medicine. 2015Mar;373(23):2215–24.
Schmitt BD. Fever phobia: misconceptions of parents about fevers.
American Journal of Diseases of Children. 1980 Feb 1;134(2):176-81.
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New guidelines on what to do when a baby has a fever Video Rating: / 5
In this video a St John Ambulance trainer gives advice on what to do if your baby has a fever. If your baby has a fever or high temperature it can be very worrying. Fever can be common in babies and most recover without any problems.
Find out more about what to do if your baby has fever – http://www.sja.org.uk/sja/first-aid-advice/first-aid-for-parents/first-aid-for-new-baby/fever.aspx
Learn life saving skills with St John Ambulance first aid training courses: http://www.sja.org.uk/sja/first-aid-training-courses.aspx
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#FirstAid #PaediatricFirstAid #Fever Video Rating: / 5
Newborns should go to the ER if they have a fever, but so should adults with additional serious symptoms, says Justin Wang, MD, from Regional Medical Center of San Jose. Learn what those signs are in this video. Video Rating: / 5
Dr. Matt Bush, Director of Emergency Services at Medical City Dallas Hospital and Medical City Children’s Hospital, explains when an adult should go to the Emergency Room with a fever. Video Rating: / 5
Infectious mononucleosis, or mono, is a very common syndrome characterized by the triad of fever, swollen lymph nodes (lymphadenopathy) – most frequently in the neck, and sore throat with inflamed tonsils (tonsillar pharyngitis). Patients may also present with headache, fatigue, and enlarged spleen upon physical examination. The syndrome can be caused by several different agents, but the most common is Epstein-Barr virus, EBV; and the term “mononucleosis” usually refers to the disease caused by EBV.
EBV is ubiquitous in human. About 95% of all adults have antibodies against EBV, likely from an infection during childhood. Symptomatic infections are most prevalent in older teens and young adults, especially among college students. Infected young children are often asymptomatic or have mild symptoms. Older adults are either immune to the disease thanks to an earlier infection, or have atypical presentations that are misdiagnosed.
EBV is transmitted mainly via infected saliva. The virus is not very contagious, it takes several exposures to high viral loads to acquire EBV. Hence, kissing is the major route of transmission and mono is colloquially known as “the kissing disease”.
The incubation period is typically 3 to 5 weeks. The disease is self-limited and patients usually recover after 2 to 6 weeks, but the virus may remain in the saliva for months. Recovered patients may also shed virus periodically for life without developing symptoms. This is why most people get infected by an asymptomatic person and often cannot recall being exposed to EBV.
After infecting the oral epithelial cells, EBV attacks lymphocytes, in particular B-cells, in the tonsils. Infection then spreads throughout the lymphatic system, causing a massive immune response that is responsible for most of the symptoms. The immune response produces antibodies against EBV, providing lifelong immunity to EBV. At the same time, infection by EBV causes B-cells to proliferate and become antibody-producing plasma cells. Because B-cells are the source of antibodies of all kinds, NON-specific antibodies that do not react to EBV antigens are also produced. These so-called heterophile antibodies may be responsible for the mild thrombocytopenia, generalized rash, and antibiotic-related rash that are occasionally associated with mononucleosis.
As part of the immune defense, cytotoxic T-cells are increased in numbers and activated to kill EBV-infected B-cells. These T-cells have atypical morphology; they are known as Downey cells and are part of the diagnostic workup.
There are 2 antibody tests for mono: monospot test for heterophile antibodies, and EBV-specific antibody test. The monospot test is highly specific, but may give false-negative results in the first week of illness, and has low sensitivity, especially in children. EBV antibody test is performed when monospot test is negative but mono is still suspected.
Mononucleosis is often misdiagnosed as strep throat, and antibiotics may be given inappropriately. Antibiotic treatment can cause a rash to develop and this is often mistaken for antibiotic allergy.
Mononucleosis is self-limited, most patients fully recover after a few weeks, although fatigue may persist for months. Complications are rare but can be severe, sometimes life-threatening.
Treatment is supportive and includes bed rest, hydration, and fever and inflammation reducer. Heavy lifting and active sports must be avoided for a month to prevent splenic rupture. Corticosteroids can be helpful in certain complications, such as impending airway obstruction, but are not usually recommended for uncomplicated disease.
Diagnosing EBV can be done via the heterophile antibody test (“monospot” test), the anti-VCA antibody test, and the anti-EBNA antibody test. The monospot test is neither sensitive nor specific. For more videos and questions, visit – https://www.macrophage.co. Subscribe – https://goo.gl/EMRlRa. Support us on Patreon – https://goo.gl/bhmrgJ.
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Fever is a common feature of childhood infections. Watch this video on how to help a child with fever recover as quickly as possible. Be sure to also watch our video on spotting the signs of sepsis so you know what to do if your child isn’t getting better https://youtu.be/FifBm_08RkA.
This video shows how to get a fever with onions. Follow this quick video and you can get yourself a day off school or work by using the onion trick! The results turn out best if you pull this off overnight because it takes a few hours to take affect on your body. This fever with onions tutorial is for educational purposes only, so try this at your own risk! If you do decide to attempt to get fever with a onion, I’m not responsible for what happens to you, I just make the videos! Good luck and enjoy your day off! Thanks for watching, and subscribe for more videos!
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Learn about children who show no other symptoms while having a fever, from Eve Switzer, MD, pediatrician at St. Mary’s Regional Medical Center.
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Parents have been hot to ask me when to worry about their child having a fever. Let me try to cool down everyone’s concern and help separate the facts from the fiction in regard to fever.
Lewis First, MD, is chief of Pediatrics at The University of Vermont Children’s Hospital and chair of the Department of Pediatrics at the University of Vermont College of Medicine. You can also catch “First with Kids” weekly on WOKO 98.9FM and WPTZ Channel 5, or visit the First with Kids video archives at www.UVMHealth.org/MedCenterFirstWithKids. Video Rating: / 5